Cyber Deterrence and Active Cyber Defense

A necessary combination in a continuously evolving cyberspace
The Roman Empire ruled the ancient world because it built and maintained roads1. Britain ruled the world for most of the 19th century because it had the largest and most powerful navy2, and the U.S. became recognized as a military superpower3 because of the atomic bomb. Each became powerful not just because they possessed something that others did not, but because they were able to use that power to deter their adversaries. Deterrence – the threat of force to discourage an opponent from taking an unwelcome action4 – is a tactic . . .