What is Open Source Intelligence?

There are two methods of data collection and information gathering used in military observation. Covert gathering refers to the use of clandestine, or secret data sources. As a result, covert methods are often illegal due to being performed secretively. Overt data collection refers to methods used openly or in plain sight. Overt does not involve the use of secretive methods and is generally not illegal. But what is Open Source Intelligence?

Open Source Intelligence is an overt method of data collection. Furthermore, publicly available resources are what distinguish OSINT from other forms of intelligence gathering.

How is Open Source Intelligence performed?

Open source intelligence involves gathering information from publicly available resources. There are six main categories to OSINT.

The first is the use of public media sources. This category includes news reports, printed magazines, and newspapers.
Internet is the second category and can include everything from online databases, social media, and search engine manipulation. In addition, it also includes online publications such as blogs and discussion groups.
Category three involves the use of public government data. These sources include public hearings, budgets, directories, and publicly available government reports. Although included in public records, the data comes from official sources.
Professional and academic publications is the fourth category. These sources include academic papers such as theses, dissertations, and journals.
The fifth category is the use commercial data such as corporate databases, financial, and industrial assessments.
The final category is the use of grey data. Grey data, or “hard to find” data includes business documents, unpublished works, technical reports, as well as patents.

What are the risks involved with Open Source Intelligence?

There are a number of tools available for performing Open Source Intelligence. Exploits exist for manipulating public records and search engines such as Google Dorks. Open-source software to streamline and automate this process is widely available online. Tools such as Shodan and The Harvester come pre-packaged in Kali Linux. Websites exist for the sole purpose of exploiting databases and searches.

The main risk involved with practicing OSINT is data overload. The rapid increase and collection of data, called “information explosion,” can cause an overload of information. Interpretation can be stalled if there is too much information to sort through. In addition, corporate or industrial espionage can result from certain forms of OSINT. Espionage is highly illegal and can result in fines, imprisonment, or both. In extreme cases, acts of treason can occur through the use of OSINT.

Implications to cybersecurity

Open Source Intelligence has many practical applications. However, Social Engineering hackers employ OSINT to research their target prior to an attack. Pretexting requires extensive research prior to setting up the attack. A pretexter will use OSINT to gather extensive information about the target. Impersonation is another form of pretexting that requires extensive research. Cyberstalkers and bullies use OSINT to monitor, track, and exploit their victims.

Doxing is the practice of researching, gathering, and publishing information via the internet. This is used to expose their victims as a means of humiliation. Open Source Intelligence can result in data breach or exposure of personally identifiable information on the internet. This can leave the victim wide open for cyber-attacks. Additionally, identity theft can result from such exposure.

There really is no way of protecting yourself from Open Source Intelligence. It is not in itself a form of hacking. But rather, hackers use OSINT as a tool for reconnaissance. Public records are the number one source for OSINT. Data will always be freely available as a result. The best advice one can give is to be proactive with what information is shared online. Perform regular searches to ensure what type of information is available.

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f) And finally, a statement, made under penalty of perjury, that the aforementioned information in your notice is the truth and accurate, and that you are the copyright or intellectual property owner, representative or agent authorized to act on the copyright or intellectual property owner’s behalf. The American Publishing, LLC Agent for notice of claims of copyright or other intellectual property infringement can be contacted as follows:
Mailing Address:
American Publishing, LLC
Attn: Copyright Agent
17 Hoff Court, Suite B
Baltimore, Maryland 21221
Telephone: 443.231.7438
Fax: 410.238.2835
Email: karen.austin@uscybersecurity.net
CLOSED CAPTIONING
BE IT KNOWN, that American Publishing, LLC complies with all applicable Federal Communications Commission rules and regulations regarding the closed captioning of video content. For more information, please visit our website at www.uscybersecurity.net.

GENERAL INFORMATION
ENTIRE AGREEMENT
This TOS constitutes the entire agreement between you and American Publishing, LLC and shall govern the use of our Services, superseding any prior version of this TOS between you and us with respect to American Publishing, LLC Services. You may also be subject to additional terms and conditions that may apply when you use or purchase certain other American Publishing, LLC Services, affiliate Services, third-party content or third-party software.

CHOICE OF LAW AND FORUM
It is at the mutual agreement of both you and American Publishing, LLC with regard to the TOS that the relationship between the parties shall be governed by the laws of the state of Maryland without regard to its conflict of law provisions and that any and all claims, causes of action and/or disputes, arising out of or relating to the TOS, or the relationship between you and American Publishing, LLC, shall be filed within the courts having jurisdiction within the County of Baltimore, Maryland or the U.S. District Court located in said state. You and American Publishing, LLC agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts as previously mentioned, and agree to waive any and all objections to the exercise of jurisdiction over the parties by such courts and to venue in such courts.

WAIVER AND SEVERABILITY OF TERMS
At any time, should American Publishing, LLC fail to exercise or enforce any right or provision of the TOS, such failure shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision. If any provision of this TOS is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision, and the other provisions of the TOS remain in full force and effect.

NO RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP NON-TRANSFERABILITY
You acknowledge, understand and agree that your account is non-transferable and any rights to your ID and/or contents within your account shall terminate upon your death. Upon receipt of a copy of a death certificate, your account may be terminated and all contents therein permanently deleted.

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
You acknowledge, understand and agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or action arising out of or related to the use of our Services or the TOS must be filed within year(s) after said claim or cause of action arose or shall be forever barred.

VIOLATIONS
Please report any and all violations of this TOS to American Publishing, LLC as follows:
Mailing Address:
American Publishing, LLC
Attn: Copyright Agent
17 Hoff Court, Suite B
Baltimore, Maryland 21221
Telephone: 443.231.7438
Fax: 410.238.2835
Email: karen.austin@uscybersecurity.net

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